what:
ADAPTMENT
why:
Can cities adapt to climate change?
都市は気候変動に適応できるか。
It is predicted that the average global temperature will rise approximately 1.5 to 4 degrees Celcius by 2100. In addition, global warming is progressing at an unprecedented rate, leading to frequent natural disasters caused by rapid climate change worldwide.
2100年頃には地球全体の平均気温が現在より1.5～4℃ほど高まるという予測が出されるなど、地球温暖化がかつてないほどの速度で進行し、急激な気候変動によって引き起こされる自然災害が世界各地で頻発しています。
Projected Temperature Increase (℃)
予想される気温の上昇（度）
A report from the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2023 in Davos identified the number one long-term risk to the global economy as the failure to mitigate and adapt to climate change. This highlights that "mitigation" and "adaptation" are globally recognized as the two major strategies to combat climate change. Increasing attention is being given to the strategy of "adaptation" because it poses more complex challenges than mitigation.
“Mitigation” of climate change involves straightforward measures such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions and absorbing CO2 through forests. In contrast, adaptation strategies are multifaceted, addressing intertwined issues such as disaster prevention, resource management, agriculture, poverty, food security, and safety. Due to this complexity, adaptation measures have not progressed as much as mitigation measures, and a clear vision has yet to be established.
“Mitigation” of climate change involves straightforward measures such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions and absorbing CO2 through forests. In contrast, adaptation strategies are multifaceted, addressing intertwined issues such as disaster prevention, resource management, agriculture, poverty, food security, and safety. Due to this complexity, adaptation measures have not progressed as much as mitigation measures, and a clear vision has yet to be established.
2023年のダボス会議で出されたレポートにおいて、世界経済における長期リスクの第1位が気候変動の緩和への失敗、第2位が気候変動の適応への失敗とされているように、「緩和」と「適応」が気候変動に対する2大戦略として世界的に認識されています。そして年々注目を集めているのが、「適応」の戦略です。なぜならば、緩和策よりも適応策のほうが複雑な課題だからです。
気候変動の「緩和」は、温室効果ガスの排出抑制やCO2の森林等による吸収など、対策が非常にシンプルです。
一方で適応策は、防災、資源管理、農業、貧困、食料、安全保障などさまざまな課題が複雑に絡み合い、方法は多岐にわたります。この複雑さゆえに適応策は緩和策ほど進んでおらず、明確なヴィジョンが打ち出されていません。
People being displaced by natural disasters: Displacement scale
自然災害によって住む場所を追われていく人々：移動した人の規模
Top 10 Risks: "Please estimate the likely impact (severity) of the following risks over a 2-year and 10-year period."
グローバルリスクの重要度ランキング：以下のリスクについて、2年後と10年後に起こりうる影響（深刻さ）を推定してください
However, adapting to climate change is a crucial mission for humanity. The super typhoon in the Philippines in 2013 caused over 6,000 deaths, and the floods in Pakistan in 2022 submerged one-third of the country and affected over 33 million people. Such climate disasters underline the importance of adaptation.
Urban areas, where many people are concentrated, are not only at high risk for natural disasters but also present challenges for adaptation due to the nature of urban development itself. With urbanization expected to result in approximately 70% of the global population living in urban areas by 2050, designing resilient cities that can withstand climate change has become a significant mission for humanity.
Urban areas, where many people are concentrated, are not only at high risk for natural disasters but also present challenges for adaptation due to the nature of urban development itself. With urbanization expected to result in approximately 70% of the global population living in urban areas by 2050, designing resilient cities that can withstand climate change has become a significant mission for humanity.
しかし気候変動への適応は非常に重要な人類のミッションです。フィリピン・タクロバンを中心に計6000人を超える死者を出した2013年の巨大台風や、国土の1/3にが水没し、3,300万人以上が被災した2022年のパキスタン洪水はまさに気候災害であり、適応の課題だからです。
多くの人々が集中する都市は、極めて自然災害のリスクが高い場所であるだけでなく、都市開発そのものが適応を困難にする場合があります。2050年までに世界人口のおよそ7割が都市部に暮らすことになると言われるほど都市化が進む中、気候変動時代を生き抜くレジリエントな都市を設計することは、私たち人類の大きなミッションとなっています。
多くの人々が集中する都市は、極めて自然災害のリスクが高い場所であるだけでなく、都市開発そのものが適応を困難にする場合があります。2050年までに世界人口のおよそ7割が都市部に暮らすことになると言われるほど都市化が進む中、気候変動時代を生き抜くレジリエントな都市を設計することは、私たち人類の大きなミッションとなっています。
how:
Learning Climate Change Adaptation Design from the Adaptive Evolution of Living Organisms.
気候変動適応のためのデザインを、生物の適応進化から学ぶ。
Eisuke Tachikawa, the representative of NOSIGNER, has been exploring new approaches to creativity education through the thinking method "Evolutional Creativity," which unravels the mechanisms of creativity based on the structure of biological evolution. Simultaneously, he has been involved in design projects focused on urban resilience, including the world's largest disaster prevention plan, "Tokyo Bousai (Disaster Preparedness Tokyo).
NOSIGNER代表の太刀川英輔は、生物進化の構造をもとに創造性のメカニズムを紐解く思考法「進化思考」を通じて、新しい創造性教育のあり方を探求してきました。同時に、世界最大規模の防災計画「東京防災」をはじめ、都市のレジリエンスをテーマとしたデザインプロジェクトに関わり続けてきました。
Building on this background, in 2022, we organized a roundtable on climate change adaptation measures with the support of Japan's Ministry of the Environment. We comprehensively discussed adaptation measures with experts in various fields, such as environmental science, animal ecology, sustainable development, disaster prevention, and ODA. Through this meeting, Tachikawa compiled a design strategy for climate change adaptation and proposed the "ADAPTMENT" philosophy, which structures adaptation measures and aims to realize resilient urban development.
ADAPTMENT conceptualizes a city as a living organism and learns urban development strategies for climate change adaptation from the adaptive evolution of living organisms. It structures the urban development process on three scales: master planning as adaptation to watershed ecosystems, hardware as adaptive evolution of bodies, and software as adaptive evolution of behaviors.
ADAPTMENT is a coined term combining "ADAPTATION," "DEVELOPMENT," and "MANAGEMENT." In current urban development in emerging countries, conventional urban development that prioritizes material and economic wealth is often sought over climate change adaptation measures. Therefore, we aim to reposition adaptation measures as a better approach to urban development, based on the philosophy of ADAPTMENT.
In ADAPTMENT, urban development is rethought through master plans based on watershed units, which are also units of ecosystems and disaster prevention. A watershed is a terrain unit divided by watersheds where water flows when it rains. It is also a unit of the water cycle, from land to rivers to the sea, and a habitat unit for organisms in the ecosystem. Despite natural disasters, such as floods, droughts, and landslides, and environmental damages, such as coastal erosion, tree dieback, and biodiversity loss, occurring at the watershed level, this unit is often ignored in current urban development. In this project, we established a method to output watershed maps anywhere in the world using GIS 3D data, which can be applied to master plans in various cities.
こうした経緯のもと、私たちは2022年に日本の環境省の支援のもと、気候変動適応策のためのラウンドテーブルを主宰し、環境学、動物生態学、持続可能な開発、防災、ODAなど様々な領域の専門家とともに適応策を包括的に議論しました。この会議を通じて太刀川は、気候変動適応のためのデザイン戦略を取りまとめ、気候変動への適応策を構造化し、レジリエントな都市開発を実現する思想「ADAPTMENT」を打ち出しました。
ADAPTMENTは都市をひとつの生命体にたとえ、気候変動への適応策を、生物の適応進化から学ぶ都市開発のコンセプトです。都市開発のプロセスを、マスタープラン＝流域生態系への適応、ハードウェア＝身体の適応進化、ソフトウェア＝行動の適応進化という3段階のスケールで構造化しています。
ADAPTMENTは、適応を意味する「ADAPTATION」と、開発を意味する「DEVELOPMENT」、調整を意味する「MANAGEMENT」を組み合わせた造語です。現在の新興国の都市開発では気候変動への適応策よりも、物質的・経済的豊かさを優先する従来の都市開発が求められます。そこで我々は、ADAPTMENTの思想を前提として都市開発のより良い手法として適応策を位置づけ直すことを目指しています。
ADAPTMENTでは、生態系や防災の単位でもある流域単位を前提としたマスタープランによって、都市開発を考え直します。流域とは、雨が降ったときに水が流れる、分水嶺で分かれた地形の単位のことです。また、陸から川、そして海へと至る水循環の単位であり、生態系の中の生物が住み着く単位でもあります。洪水・渇水・土砂崩れなどの自然災害や、磯焼け・ナラ枯れ・生物多様性の喪失などの自然界のダメージも流域単位で発生するにも関わらず、現在の多くの都市開発では、この単位が無視されています。本プロジェクトで我々は、GISの3Dデータを用いて世界中のどこでも流域の地図を出力する方法を確立し、各都市のマスタープランに活かせるようにしました。
There are various climate change adaptation measures adopted in cities. All resilience-related measures can be considered adaptation measures. Therefore, we needed to structure resilience. In ADAPTMENT, we correspond urban "hardware (architecture and civil engineering, etc.)" to the "evolution of organisms' bodies" and urban "software (citizen behavior and communities, etc.)" to the "evolution of organisms' behaviors," structuring climate change adaptation in a way that anyone can understand, using the analogy of biological adaptive evolution.
都市で採用される気候変動適応策には様々なものがあります。レジリエンスに関わるすべてが適応策だとも言い換えられるでしょう。そのため、私たちはレジリエンスを構造化する必要がありました。
そこでADAPTMENTでは、都市の「ハードウェア（建築や土木など）」を生物の「身体の進化」に、「ソフトウェア（市民の行動やコミュニティなど）」を生物の「行動の進化」に対応させ、生物の適応進化をアナロジーとして誰もが理解できるものとして構造化しました。
For adaptive design of urban hardware, such as architecture and civil engineering that protect cities and lives, we referenced the body structures acquired by organisms as a result of adaptation and extracted six properties. We propose development that is not only robust but also soft and flexible with recovery capabilities, drawing on the body's structures of "perceptibility⇔nerves," "recoverability⇔cells," "redundancy⇔fat," "elasticity⇔muscles," "circulatory function⇔blood vessels," and "robustness⇔bones." This model is based on the "Civilization Skin" model, which Tachikawa proposed before the ADAPTMENT project, considering the structures of resilient cities from the body structures acquired through the process of adaptive evolution.
For adaptive design of urban software, such as citizen behavior, culture, and community, we focused on various behaviors acquired by organisms for self-protection and extracted six properties. Learning from adaptive behaviors like "observability," "memory," "predictability," "mobility," and "cooperation," we aim to develop measures that enable citizens to take safe disaster prevention actions, fostering regions filled with more flexible and resilient relationships.
都市や生活を守る建築や土木など、都市のハードウェアの適応デザインにおいては、生物が適応の結果獲得した身体の構造を参照し、6つの性質を抽出しました。「知覚性⇔神経」「回復性⇔細胞」「冗長性⇔脂肪」「弾力性⇔筋肉」「循環性⇔血管」「頑強性⇔骨」という、身体が持つ構造からレジリエンスの性質を捉え直し、頑強なだけではなく、柔らかく、しなやかな回復性を備えた開発を提唱しています。このモデルは、ADAPTMENTプロジェクト以前より太刀川が提唱していた、適応進化の過程で生物が獲得してきた身体の構造からレジリエンスな都市の構造を考える「文明の皮膚」というモデルを元にしています。
一方で市民の行動や文化、コミュニティなど、都市のソフトウェアの適応デザインにおいては、生物が獲得した身を守るためのさまざまな行動に着目し、6種類の性質を抽出しました。「観察性」「記憶性」「予測性」「移動性」「協力性」などの生物の適応的な行動に見られる特徴に学び、より柔軟でレジリエントな関係性に満ちた地域を目指して、市民が安全な防災行動を取れる施策の開発を考えます。
The concept of "ADAPTMENT," learning urban climate change adaptation from the adaptive evolution of living organisms, is spreading worldwide through websites and lectures in various countries, along with specific adaptation measures being implemented mainly in Japan.
生物の適応進化から、都市の気候変動への適応を学ぶ「ADAPTMENT」のコンセプトは、日本国内を中心に実施されている具体的な適応策とともにWebサイトや様々な国での講演によって全世界に発信され、広がりつつあります。
will:
Towards urban development that can coexist with ecosystems.
生態系と共生できる都市開発へ。
The concept of ADAPTMENT is starting to gain attention in many countries as a new approach to climate change adaptation measures. At the Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia's top university, a research lab called ADAPTMENT LAB is set to be established. This lab will be incorporated into the basic structure of a newly established graduate school at the university, and discussions are underway to introduce the concept into regional urban development in cities such as Labuan Bajo and Bandung.
In the Philippine city of Tacloban largest typhoon in history struck in 2013, causing approximately 10,000 deaths, and nowcollaboration with the local Eastern Visayas State University is progressing. At a disaster prevention seminar held to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the disaster, the concept of ADAPTMENT was presented, generating significant interest and consideration for its integration into the country's urban development.
In addition, at the "Safety Design" symposium organized by the Korean Society of Spatial Design, there was an opportunity to convey the philosophy of ADAPTMENT. Eisuke Tachikawa was also selected as the society's first honorary director from Japan. The ADAPTMENT concept has been presented at sustainability-related international conferences such as SRI, the World Design Conference Tokyo 2023, and the Asia-Pacific Social Innovation Summit in Taiwan, gradually gaining supporters.
The activities of ADAPTMENT have only just begun. Moving forward, we aim to expand this movement globally, working with experts from around the world to realize climate-adapted cities. We also seek to encourage proactive actions from those with technologies and tools for new developments that adapt to climate change.
We hope that ADAPTMENT will become a model case and source of inspiration for building a new relationship between people and nature in the era of climate change, leading to the spread of sustainable development worldwide. We will continue our efforts to achieve this vision.
ADAPTMENTのコンセプトは、気候変動適応策の新たなコンセプトとして多くの国で注目され始めています。
インドネシアの最高学府であるバンドン工科大学では、ADAPTMENT LABという研究室が開設されることとなりました。同大学に新たに設置される大学院の基本的な構想に組み込まれると同時に、ラブアンバジョやバンドンなどインドネシアの地方都市開発におけるコンセプトとして導入する検討も進められています。
また2013年に史上最大の台風による災害が発生し、約１万人の方が亡くなったフィリピン・タクロバンでは、地元の東ヴィサヤ州立大学との連携が進められています。同大学で災害から10周年を記念して行われた防災セミナーではADAPTMENTのコンセプトが発表され、同国の都市開発への導入が検討されるなど、各地で大きな反響を得ることができました。
そして韓国の空間デザイン学会が主宰した「セーフティデザイン」のシンポジウムでは、ADAPTMENTの思想を伝える機会をいただくとともに、太刀川が同学会初の日本人の名誉理事に選出されました。
またADAPTMENTの考え方は、SRIなどのサステナビリティ系の国際学会や、世界デザイン会議東京2023、あるいは台湾で行われたアジア太平洋ソーシャルイノベーションサミットなどでも発表され、徐々に共感者が生まれつつあります。
ADAPTMENTの活動はまだ始まったばかりです。今後は様々な国で気候に適応した都市を実現するために、世界中の専門家たちとともにこの運動を広げていくとともに、気候変動に適応する新たな開発のツールとなる技術などを持つ方々の積極的なアクションを実現していきたいと考えています。
ADAPTMENTが、気候変動時代に新しい人と自然の関係を築くためのモデルケースやインスピレーションソースとなり、持続可能な開発が世界中に広がっていく未来が訪れることを願い、これからも活動を続けていきます。
what:
Art Direction
NOSIGNER (Eisuke Tachikawa)
Graphic Design
NOSIGNER (Eisuke Tachikawa, Ryo Fukusawa, Noémie Kawakita, Aya Sakurai)
Web Design
NOSIGNER (Eisuke Tachikawa, Ryo Fukusawa, Noémie Kawakita)
Development
DAWN Inc.
Graphic Design
NOSIGNER (Eisuke Tachikawa, Ryo Fukusawa, Noémie Kawakita, Aya Sakurai)
Web Design
NOSIGNER (Eisuke Tachikawa, Ryo Fukusawa, Noémie Kawakita)
Development
DAWN Inc.
Project Founder / Concept Creation
Eisuke Tachikawa
Project Management
NOSIGNER (Eisuke Tachikawa, Kosuke Matsushima, Kentaro Yasuda)
Editor
NOSIGNER (Eisuke Tachikawa, Yuki Harada, Miku Nomura)
Eisuke Tachikawa
Project Management
NOSIGNER (Eisuke Tachikawa, Kosuke Matsushima, Kentaro Yasuda)
Editor
NOSIGNER (Eisuke Tachikawa, Yuki Harada, Miku Nomura)
Concept Director of ADAPTMENT Round Table
Eisuke Tachikawa (NOSIGNER, JIDA)
Members of ADAPTMENT Round Table
Akane Matsuo (Policy Researcher, the Adaptation and Water Unit of IGES)
Azby Brown (Main researcher, SAFECAST)
Hiroyuki Matsuda (Emeritus Professor, Yokohama National University)
Katsue Fukamachi (Associate Professor, Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies)
Mitsuhiro Maeda (Professor, Advanced Institute of Industrial Technology)
Mitsutaku Makino (Professor, Center for International Collaboration, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, the University of Tokyo)
Nagisa Shiiba (Policy Researcher, the Adaptation and Water Unit of IGES)
Osamu Murao (Professor, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University)
Tadayuki Sato (Representative Director, Phase Free Association)
Tokutaro Nakai (Adviser, Nippon Steel Corporation)
Yuki Yoshida (Researcher, Center for Climate Change Adaptation, National Institute for Environmental Studies)
Client
Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan
Eisuke Tachikawa (NOSIGNER, JIDA)
Members of ADAPTMENT Round Table
Akane Matsuo (Policy Researcher, the Adaptation and Water Unit of IGES)
Azby Brown (Main researcher, SAFECAST)
Hiroyuki Matsuda (Emeritus Professor, Yokohama National University)
Katsue Fukamachi (Associate Professor, Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies)
Mitsuhiro Maeda (Professor, Advanced Institute of Industrial Technology)
Mitsutaku Makino (Professor, Center for International Collaboration, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, the University of Tokyo)
Nagisa Shiiba (Policy Researcher, the Adaptation and Water Unit of IGES)
Osamu Murao (Professor, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University)
Tadayuki Sato (Representative Director, Phase Free Association)
Tokutaro Nakai (Adviser, Nippon Steel Corporation)
Yuki Yoshida (Researcher, Center for Climate Change Adaptation, National Institute for Environmental Studies)
Client
Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan
where:
Japan
when:
2023
Award:
Red Dot Award Brands & Communication Design (2023)
DFA Design for Asia Awards Merit Award (2024)
Related projects:
TOKYO BOUSAI
TOKYO BOUSAI
